any colleagues, friends, and family members have made contributions to this work. They know how grateful we are. We also wish to acknowledge and thank the publishing team at Bedford/St. Martin’s who did so much to bring this revised edition to completion: president Joan Feinberg, editorial director Denise Wydra, publisher for his- tory Mary Dougherty, director of development for history Jane Knetzger, senior editor Heidi Hood, senior editor Louise Townsend, senior editor Sara Wise, freelance editors Betty Slack and Dale Anderson, editorial assistant and production asso- ciate Lindsay DiGianvittorio, executive marketing manager Jenna Bookin Barry, senior production editor Karen Baart, managing editor Elizabeth Schaaf, art researcher Gillian Speeth, text designer Janis Owens, page makeup artist Cia Boynton, cover designer Donna Dennison, and copyeditor Janet Renard.
Our students’ questions and concerns have shaped much of this work, and we welcome all our readers’ suggestions, queries, and criticisms. Please contact us at our respective institutions or via history@bedfordstmartins.com.
xi
Brief Contents
Prologue: The Beginnings of Human Society, to c. 4000 B.C.E. P-3
1 Early Western Civilization, 4000–1000 B.C.E. 3
2 The Near East and the Emergence of Greece, 1000–500 B.C.E. 33
3 The Greek Golden Age, c. 500–c. 400 B.C.E. 69
4 From the Classical to the Hellenistic World, 400–30 B.C.E. 103
5 The Rise of Rome, 753–44 B.C.E. 133
6 The Roman Empire, 44 B.C.E.–284 C.E. 163
7 The Transformation of the Roman Empire, 284–600 C.E. 195
8 Islam, Byzantium, and the West, 600–750 231
9 Emperors, Caliphs, and Local Lords, 750–1050 261
10 Merchants and Kings, Popes and Crusaders, 1050–1150 295
11 The Flowering of the Middle Ages, 1150–1215 327
12 The Medieval Search for Order, 1215–1340 359
13 Crisis and Renaissance, 1340–1492 387
14 Global Encounters and Religious Reforms, 1492–1560 419
15 Wars of Religion and the Clash of Worldviews, 1560–1648 451
16 State Building and the Search for Order, 1648–1690 483
17 The Atlantic System and Its Consequences, 1690–1740 519
18 The Promise of Enlightenment, 1740–1789 555
19 The Cataclysm of Revolution, 1789–1799 587
20 Napoleon and the Revolutionary Legacy, 1800–1830 619
21 Industrialization and Social Ferment, 1830–1850 653
22 Politics and Culture of the Nation- State, 1850–1870 689
23 Industry, Empire, and Everyday Life, 1870–1890 725
24 Modernity and the Road to War, 1890–1914 763
25 World War I and Its Aftermath, 1914–1929 799
26 The Great Depression and World War II, 1929–1945 839
27 The Cold War and the Remaking of Europe, 1945–1960s 879
28 Postindustrial Society and the End of the Cold War Order, 1960s–1989 915
29 A New Globalism, 1989 to the Present 951
Appendix: Useful Facts and Figures A-1
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xii i
Contents
Preface v
Brief Contents xi
Maps and Figures xxix
Special Features xxxv
To the Student xxxix
Authors’ Note: The B.C.E./C.E. Dating System xlv
About the Authors xlvii
Prologue The Beginnings of Human Society,
to c. 4000 B.C.E.
The Paleolithic Age, 200,000–10,000 B.C.E. P-4 The Life of Hunter-Gatherers P-5 Technology, Trade, Religion, and Hierarchy P-6
The Neolithic Age, 10,000–4000 B.C.E. P-8 The Neolithic Revolution P-8 Neolithic Origins of Modern Life and War P-10 Daily Life in the Neolithic Village of
Çatalhöyük P-10 Gender Inequality in the Neolithic Age P-14
Conclusion P-15 • Chapter Review P-16
NEW SOURCES, NEW PERSPECTIVES: Daily Bread, Damaged Bones, and Cracked Teeth P-12
P-3
xiv Contents
Chapter 1 Early Western Civilization,
4000–1000 B.C.E.
Chapter 2 The Near East and the Emergence
of Greece, 1000–500 B.C.E.
The Controversial Concept of Western Civilization 4 Defining Western Civilization 4 Locating Early Western Civilization 6
Mesopotamia, Home of the First Civilization, 4000–1000 B.C.E. 7 Cities and Society, 4000–2350 B.C.E. 7 Metals, the Akkadian Empire, and the Ur III
Dynasty, c. 2350–c. 2000 B.C.E. 12 Assyrian, Babylonian, and Canaanite
Achievements, 2000–1000 B.C.E. 13
Egypt, the First Unified Country, 3050–1000 B.C.E. 16 From Egyptian Unification to the Old Kingdom,
3050–2190 B.C.E. 16 The Middle and New Kingdoms in Egypt,
2061–1081 B.C.E. 20
The Hittites, Minoans, and Mycenaeans, 2200–1000 B.C.E. 23 The Hittites, 1750–1200 B.C.E. 24 The Minoans, 2200–1400 B.C.E. 25 The Mycenaeans, 1800–1000 B.C.E. 27 The Period of Calamities, 1200–1000 B.C.E. 28
Conclusion 29 • Chapter Review 31
TERMS OF HISTORY: Civilization 6 DOCUMENT: Hammurabi’s Laws for Physicians 15 DOCUMENT: Declaring Innocence on Judgment Day in
