Chapter 10 Merchants and Kings, Popes and Crusaders, 1050–1150
The Emperor and Local Elites in the Byzantine Empire 262 Imperial Power 262 The Macedonian Renaissance, c. 870–c. 1025 264 The Dynatoi: A New Landowning Elite 266 In Byzantium’s Shadow: Bulgaria, Serbia,
Russia 266
The Caliphate and Its Fragmentation 268 The Abbasid Caliphate, 750–c. 950 268 Regional Diversity in Islamic Lands 269 Unity of Commerce and Language 270 The Islamic Renaissance, c. 790–c. 1050 271
The Creation and Division of a New European Empire 272 The Rise of the Carolingians 272 Charlemagne and His Kingdom, 768–814 273 The Carolingian Renaissance, c. 790–c. 900 275 Charlemagne’s Successors, 814–911 277 Land and Power 278 Viking, Muslim, and Magyar Invasions,
c. 790–955 279
After the Carolingians: The Emergence of Local Rule 282 Public Power and Private Relationships 282 Warriors and Warfare 285 Efforts to Contain Violence 286 Political Communities in Italy, England,
and France 287 Emperors and Kings in Central and Eastern
Europe 289
Conclusion 291 • Chapter Review 293
document: The Book of the Prefect 265 document: When She Approached 272 contrasting views: Charlemagne: Roman Emperor, Father
of Europe, or the Chief Bishop? 276 terms of history: Feudalism 283 taking measure: Sellers, Buyers, and Donors,
800–1000 284
The Commercial Revolution 296 Fairs, Towns, and Cities 296 Organizing Crafts and Commerce 299 Communes: Self-Government for the
Towns 301 The Commercial Revolution in the
Countryside 301
Church Reform 302 Beginnings of Reform 303 The Gregorian Reform and the Investiture
Conflict, 1073–1122 305 The Sweep of Reform 307 New Monastic Orders of Poverty 309
The Crusades 311 Calling the Crusade 311 The First Crusade 313 The Crusader States 316 The Disastrous Second Crusade 317 The Long-Term Impact of the Crusades 317
The Revival of Monarchies 319 Reconstructing the Empire at Byzantium 319 England under Norman Rule 319 Praising the King of France 321 Surviving as Emperor 322
Conclusion 323 • Chapter Review 325
document: A Byzantine View of Papal Primacy 305 contrasting views: The First Crusade 314 new sources, new perspectives: The Cairo Geniza 318 document: Penances for the Invaders (1070) 322 taking measure: Slaves in England in 1086 323
261 295
Contents xix
Chapter 11 The Flowering of the Middle
Ages, 1150–1215
Chapter 12 The Medieval Search for Order,
1215–1340
New Schools and Churches 328 The New Learning and the Rise of the
University 328 Architectural Style: From Romanesque to
Gothic 332
Governments as Institutions 336 England: Unity through Common Law 336 France: Consolidation and Conquest 340 Germany: The Revived Monarchy of Frederick
Barbarossa 341 Eastern Europe and Byzantium: Fragmenting
